Document Type : research paper

Authors

1 PhD student .English Language Faculty, Foreign Language Coledge,Islamic Azad University of Science and Research Branch,Tehran, Iran

2 Associate professor, Ph. D. Applied linguistics & TESL, English Department, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar Branch, Iran

Abstract

Globally occurring changes in an ever-shrinking world acknowledge the goal of making effective communication between people with various cultural backgrounds (East, 2012; Jin, 2014; Kramsh, 2013; Zheng, 2014) and hence the development of intercultural communicative competence (ICC) in EFL context respectively. This longitudinal study based on mixed method sequential design, and random sampling procedure strived to investigate male and female Iranian pre-service teachers' intercultural communicative competence. It also tried to assess the effect of mentor teachers on pre-service teachers' ICC and to see how and to what extent those perceptions are reflected in their classroom practices. This investigation was done in two academic semesters with participation of 49 pre-service teachers (M= 29, F=20) who were in their last year of their teacher education program in Farhangian university of Esfahan, one of the biggest teacher training centers in Iran. the second group of the participants was four mentor teachers (M=2, F=2).Results revealed that the first group of participants achieved an acceptable level of ICC, with higher mean scores in the attitude dimensions and lower levels in skill and knowledge components respectively. The results also indicated negative correlation between the attitudes and skill components of mentor teachers and pre- service teachers. The results of triangulation indicated an apparent disparity between teachers’ ICC perception and practice.

Keywords

Aleksandrowich-Pedich, L., Lazar, L. & Skopinskaja, L. (Eds) (2003).Cross-        national study on cross- cultural awareness network. Retrieved from: http://elt.britcoum.org.pl/forum/networkarch/archives/vo103/01Aleks           androwicz- Pedich et.al.
Aliakbari M. (2004). The place of culture in the Iranian ELT textbooks in   high school level. In 9th Pan-Pacific Association of Applied             Linguistics       Conference,     Namseoul University, Korea.
Ashroft, B., Griffiths, S., & Tiffin, H. (1989). The empire writes back:        Theory and practice in post – colonial literature. Rotledge.
Atai, M.R., Babaii, E., & Taghipoor Bazargani, D. (2017). Developing a     questionnaire for assessing Iranian EFL teachers’ critical cultural             awareness. Journal of Teaching Language Skills, 36(2), 1-38.
Atay, D., & Ece, A. (2009). Multiple identities as reflected in English-        language education: The Turkish perspective. Journal of Language,      Identity & Education, 8(1), 21-34.
Baker, W. (2011). Intercultural awareness: Modeling an understanding of   cultures in intercultural communication through English as a lingua    franca. Language and             Intercultural Communication, 11(3), 197-214.
Beijaard, D., Van Driel, J., & Verloop, N. (1999). Evaluation of story-line methodology in research on teachers’ practical knowledge. Studies in        Educational Evaluation, 25(1), 47–62.
Beijaard, D., Meijer, P. C., & Verloop, N. (2004). Reconsidering research on          teachers’ professional identity. Teaching and Teacher Education,    20(2),107-128.
Behar, L. S. (1994). An empirical analysis of curriculum domains:   Implications for program development and evaluation. Peabody    Journal of Education, 69(4), 100-112.
Bennett, J. M. (2009). Cultivating intercultural competence: A process        perspective. In Darla K. Deardorff, (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of            intercultural competence (121–140). Sage.
Bennett, J., Bennett, M., & Allen, W. (2003). Developing intercultural        competence in the language classroom. In D. Lange & R. Paige     (Eds.), Culture as the core: Perspectives on culture in second language learning (pp. 237–270). Information          Age Publishing.
Bennett, Janet M. (2011). Developing intercultural competence for international education faculty and staff. Paper presented at the             association of international education administrators             conference, San Francisco, CA, February 20–23. Retrieved from: http://www.intercultural.org/documents/competence_handouts.pdf.
Beijaard, D., Meijer, P. C., & Verloop, N. (2004). Reconsidering research on          teachers' professional identity. Teaching and Teacher Education. 20(2), 107-128.
Bhabha, H. K. (1994). The location of culture.           Routledge.
Birjandi, P., & Khatib, S. (2018). The creation of an intercultural learning   experience in EFL contexts. Journal of English Language Teaching            and Learning. 21, 59-82.
Biswaloo, U. P. (2015). Exploring intercultural communicative competence            among English language teachers in secondary schools in Tanzania:     A postcolonial perspective (unpublished doctoral thesis). Victoria           University of Wellington. Wellington. USA. Retrieved from: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/41340079.pdf   
Byram, M. (1997). Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative      competence. Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Byram, M., Gribkova, B., & Starkey, H. (2002). Developing the intercultural          dimension in    language teaching: A Practical Introduction for             Teachers. Retrieved from
            http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Source/Guide_
Canagarajah, A. S. (2002). Globalization, methods, and practice in periphery          classrooms. In D. Block & D. Cameron (Eds.), Globalization and            language teaching (pp. 134-150). Routledge.
Canagarajah, A. S. (2006). Negotiating the local in English as a lingua        franca. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 26, 197-218.
 Chen, D., Tigelaar, D., & verloop, N. (2016). The Intercultural identities of           nonnative English teachers: An overview of research worldwide. Asian Education Studies, 1(2), 9-25.
Cheng, M. M. H., Cheng, A. Y. N., & Tang, S. Y. F. (2010). Closing the gap         between the     theory and practice of teaching: Implications for teacher education programs in Hong Kong. Journal of Education for        Teaching: International Research and Pedagogy, 36(1), 91-104.
Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. MIT    Press.
Crystal, D. (2000). Language death. Cambridge University Press.
Deardorff, D. K. (2006). Identification and assessment of intercultural       competence as a student outcome of internationalization at institutions       of higher education in the United States. Journal of Studies in Intercultural Education, 10(3), 241-266.
Doppen, F. (2007). The influence of a teacher preparation program on pre-  service social   studies teachers’ beliefs: A case study. Journal of         Social Studies Research, 31(1), 54- 64.
Duff, P. A., & Uchida, Y. (1997). The Negotiation of teachers' sociocultural          identities a practices in postsecondary EFL classrooms. TESOL         Quarterly, 31(3), 451-486.
East, M. (2012). Addressing the intercultural via task-based language         teaching: Possibility    or problem? Language and Intercultural     Communication, 12(1), 56-73.
Eslami, Z. R., & Fatahi, A. (2008). Teachers’ sense of self-efficacy, English           proficiency,     and instructional strategies: A study of nonnative            EFL teachers in Iran. TESL-EJ, 11(4), 1–19.
Göbel, K. & Helmke, A. (2010). Intercultural learning in English as a foreign          language instruction: The Importance of teachers’ intercultural experience and the usefulness of precise instructional directives. Teaching and Teacher Education. 26(8), 1571– 1582.
Han, X., & Song, L. (2011). Teacher cognition of intercultural         communicative competence    in the Chinese ELT context. Intercultural Communication Studies, XX(1), 175-192.  Retrieved    from: https://web.uri.edu/iaics/files/13XiaohuiHanLiSong.pdf
Hismanoglu M. (2011). An investigation of ELT students’ intercultural       communicative competence in relation to linguistic proficiency,         overseas experience and formal instruction. International Journal of         Intercultural Relations, 35, 805-817.
Huang, Y. (2014). Constructing intercultural communicative competence    framework for English learners. Cross-Cultural Communication,         10, 97-101.
Jin, L. (2014). Cultivating intercultural communicative competence in the age         of internationalization. The Language Educator, 10, 36-38.
Hymes, D. (1972). On communicative competence. In J. B. Pride & J.        Holmes (Eds.), Sociolinguistics (pp. 269-293).         Penguin.
Isotalo, S. (2017). Teacher educators’ professional identity formation in a   challenging      context: Experience from Eritrea. Master’s thesis in           education, University of Jyväskylä. Department of Education. Master’s Program in Development and International Cooperation.
Ives, p. (2010). Cosmopolitanism and global English: Language politics in globalization    debates. Political Studies, 58, 516-535.
Jokikokko, J. (2005). Interculturally trained Finnish teachers’ conceptions of          diversity and   intercultural competence. Intercultural Education, 16,       69-93.
Karabinar, S., & Guler, C. Y. (2013). A review of intercultural competence            from language teachers’ perspectives. Procedia- Social and     Behavioral Sciences, 70, 1316-1328.
Kemmis, S., Heikkinen, H. L. T., Fransson, G., Aspfors, J., & Edwards-     Groves, Ch. (2014).    Mentoring of new teachers as a contested    practice: Supervision, support and collaborative self- development. Teaching and Teacher Education, 43, 154-164.
Kramsch, C. (1998). Language and Culture. Oxford University       Press.
Kramsch, C. (2009). Cultural perspectives on language learning and            teaching, in W. Knapp and B. Seidlhofer (Eds.), Handbook of          applied linguistics (pp.219-246). Mouton de Gruyter.
Kramsch C (2013). Culture in foreign language teaching. Iranian Journal of           Language Teaching Research, 1, 57-78.
Lado, R. (1988). Teaching English across cultures. McGraw-Hill.
Liddicoat, A. J., Papademetre, L., Scarino, A. & Kohler, M. (Eds.). (2003).            Report on intercultural language learning. Science and Training.      
May, S. (2011). The Disciplinary constraints of SLA and TESOL: Additive           bilingualism and second language acquisition, Teaching and learning. Linguistics and Education, 22, 233-247.
McKay, S. (2003). Teaching English as an international language: The         Chilean context. ELT Journal, 57(2), 139-48.
Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education (2nd ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Meyer, M. (1991). Developing transcultural competence: Case studies of    advanced foreign language learners. In Buttjes, D. and Byram, M.             (Eds.). Mediating languages and cultures, (pp. 136-158). Multilingual Matters.
Mirzaei A, Forouzandeh F. (2013). Relationship between intercultural         communicative competence and L2- learning motivation of      Iranian EFL learners. Journal of         Intercultural Communication Research, 42, 300-318.
Nalumansi, G. (2011). Perceptions of Mentor Teachers in a Professional     Development   School (Doctoral dissertation). Loyola University          Chicago. Retrieved from: http://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/71
Nezakat-Alhossaini, M., Ketabi, S. (2013). Teacher training system and      EFL classes in Iran. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 70,    526-536.
Orland-Barak L. (2001). Learning to mentor as learning a second language of         teaching. Cambridge Journal of Education, 31(1), 53-68.
Pennycook, A. (2001). Critical applied linguistics: A critical introduction.               Lawrence Erlbaum.
Risager, K. (1998). Language teaching and the process of European            integration. In Michael Byram & Michael Fleming (Eds.). Language     learning in intercultural perspective: Approaches through drama and ethnography, (pp. 242-254). Cambridge University Press.
Saricoban & Oz, (2014). Research into pre-service English teachers’            intercultural communicative competence (ICC) in Turkish context.           Anthropologist,18(2), 523- 531.
Sercu, L., Bandura, E., & Castro, P. (Eds.). (2005). Foreign language         teachers and    intercultural competence: An international investigation. The Cromwell Press Ltd.
Spitzberg, B.H. & Changnon, G. (2009). Conceptualizing intercultural        competence. In D.K.   Deardorff (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of            intercultural competence (pp. 2-52).   Sage.
Varghese, M., Morgan, B., Johnston, B., & Johnson, K. A. (2005). Theorizing language    teacher identity: Three perspectives and beyond. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 4(1), 21-44.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society. MIT Press.
Wang J. (2001). Contexts of mentoring and opportunities for learning to     teach. A comparative study of mentoring Practice. Teaching and       Teacher Education, 17, 51-73.
Wette, R., & Barkhuizen, G. (2009). Teaching the book and educating the person: Challenges for university English language teachers in   China. Asia Pacific Journal    of Education, 29(2), 195-212.
Ximena, S., & Méndez, P. (2008). Mentoring in pre-service teaching: from reflection on    practice to a didactic proposal. Revista Actualidades            Pedagogicas, 52, 79-90.
Young, T. J., & Sachdev, I. (2011). Intercultural communicative competence:         Exploring English language teachers’ beliefs and practices. Language       Awareness, 20 (2), 81- 98.
Zamanian, J., & Seidi, M. (2017). Iranian EFL teachers’ perceptions,           practices and problems regarding raising students’ intercultural awareness. International Journal of    English Linguistics, 7(4), 275- 266.
Zarate, G., Gohard-Radenkovic, A., Luissier, D., & Penz, H. (2004). Cultural        mediation in    language learning and teaching. European Centre for   Modern Languages. Council of Europe
Zheng J (2014). Assessing intercultural communicative competence in         college English teaching. International Journal of English Language     Teaching, 1, 73-77.